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Additional resources for Views from the Apache Frontier: Report on the Northern Provinces of New Spain

Sample text

There are also sulphur, jet, and other types of mines, and it is evident that throughout the Interior Provinces there are rare commodities that would greatly enrich this realm of natural history. 6. The two seas that serve as the eastern and western limits of the aforesaid provinces are the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California. Coastal navigation of the former requires experience, but up to now it has been more feared than explored. Because of this failing we know only that there are abundant fish along the coast, succoring those who have navigated it and sustaining the Indians who inhabit the neighboring islands.

Published by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University. All rights reserved. A. First Edition. Page v CONTENTS Editor's Preface xiii Editor's Introduction 3 Report on the Northern Provinces of New Spain Preface 17 First Part Section 1: Description of the Interior Provinces 21 Section 2: Report on the Population and on the Practical Arts 24 Section 3: The Line of Presidios and the Quality of the Troops That Garrison Them 25 Section 4: Indians with Whom We Are at War 28 Section 5: The Need to Pacify the Apache Nations 30 Section 6: The Increase of the Population Is the First Consideration, and It Is Highly Important That Experienced Governors Be Appointed to Rule Overseas Territories 32 Section 7: Regarding the European Nation That Can Most Easily Invade the Spanish Colonies from the Part of America Under Discussion 34 Section 8: Dangers That Threaten the Northern Part of Spanish America with the Proximity of the Anglo-Americans 42 Second Part: History of the Apache Nations Section 1: Lands Occupied by the Apache Nations, and Others to the North of the Province of New Mexico 49 Section 2: Regarding the Apaches' Beliefs, Superstitions, and Marriages 53 Section 3: Regarding the Language and Other Particulars of the Natural Character of the Apache Indians 56 Section 4: Regarding the Lands on Which They Choose to Locate Their Rancherías, and About Their Dwellings 57 Page vi Section 5: Regarding the Food and Nourishment with Which They Sustain Themselves 58 Section 6: Regarding Their Clothing 59 Section 7: The State of Agriculture, of the Arts, and of Commerce in the Apache Nations, and Their Use of Money 60 Section 8: Regarding the Leadership of Their Rancherías, the Reasons for Their Relocations, and the Diversions Which They Like Best 62 Section 9: Factors That Bring Several Rancherías, Together, and the Precautions They Observe for the Security of the Territory That They Cover 65 Section 10: Regarding the Great Hunts 66 Section 11: Regarding Their Weapons 69 Section 12: Regarding the Warfare Waged by the Apache Nations 71 Section 13: Emotions About the Death of an Apache, Mourning, and Funerals 77 Third Part Section 1: Regarding the Nations to the East of the Río Grande del Norte 81 Regarding the Cumanches 82 Regarding the Taucanas 83 Regarding the Tancagües and Their Allies 83 Regarding the Taobayaces 84 Regarding the Obedsitas 86 Regarding the Orkoquisas, Vidais, and Texas 86 Regarding the Flechazos, the Quitseis, and the Yscanis 86 Regarding the Nabaydachos, the Aix, Saisesdemolida, Nahuchichos, Nazones, and Ynamiches 87 Regarding the Nadacos, Quichas, Nacodoches, Guachitas, and Taguayas 87 Page vii Section 2: Regarding the Carib Nations of the Texas Coast and Adjacent Islands 88 Section 3: Regarding the Nations to the Right of the Misisipi; Description of the Misoury and Information on the Groups That Live on Its Shores 89 Section 4: Regarding the Nations to the West of the Upper Portion of the Province of New Mexico and Those of the Upper Coast of Sonora 99 Regarding the Seris, Tiburones, and Tepocas 100 Regarding the Pimas, Papagos, and Cocomaricopas 101 Section 5: Regarding the Nations of the Colorado River and Those Which Continue to the West and Northwest to the Coasts of Alta California 102 Section 6: Regarding the Nations to the North-Northwest of the Province of New Mexico 106 Epilogue 111 Notes 125 Bibliography 155 Index 159 Page ix ILLUSTRATIONS Title Page, Cortés Memorias 14 Folio 6, Cortés Memorias 20 Folio 54, Cortés Memorias 48 Love Songs 55 Sneaking Out 55 Mountain Spirit Dancer 63 Gan Dancers 64 Hutiling Song 66 Buffalo Hunt 67 Fresh TrailApache War Party 73 Ill-Fated War Party's Return 73 Apache Funeral 77 Apache Herdsman 79 Folio 97, Cortés Memorias 80 Site sketch by Cortés 112 Architectural drawing by Cortés 112 Architectural drawing by Cortés 113 Page xi MAPS Map of part of North America, augmented and corrected by Don José Cortés, 1799.

José de Urrutia, who had made his own substantial mark on the record of New Spain's northern frontier three decades earlier. When the Marqués de Rubí, assisted by Capt. Nicolás de Lafora of the royal engineers, toured the northern provinces on the epoch-making inspection of 176667, the cartographer assigned to the expedition was José de Urrutia, then a subteniente in the Regiment of America. 2 In the 1790s, Urrutia won recognition as one of Spain's most successful field commanders. 4 However complex and subtle the author's motives, suffice it now to understand these Memorias as the fruit of a propitious convergence of several forces in the wilds of northern New Spain: the inquisitive, well-trained mind of Cortés; the special fascination of close encounter with Apaches; the mind-boggling multiplicity of Page 4 native peoples, at once so threatening and so promising for God and King; the cumulative experience of veterans readily accessible to the visiting officer; the archives replete with two and a half centuries' reportage on remote peoples and places; and the young officer's compelling sense of multiple crises looming over the Spanish Americas.

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