By L. M. Brown, Roy M. Harrison, Aubre De L. Maynard
ISBN-10: 1848161220
ISBN-13: 9781848161221
ISBN-10: 1860943586
ISBN-13: 9781860943584
Following the popularity that airborne particulate subject, even at really modest concentrations, has an hostile impact on human wellbeing and fitness, there was an severe study attempt to appreciate the mechanisms and quantify the results. One characteristic that has shone via is the real function of ultrafine debris as a contributor to the hostile results of airborne debris. during this quantity, many researchers within the box have collaborated to supply a state of the art review of the clinical and clinical learn on ultrafine debris.
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Extra resources for Ultrafine particles in the atmosphere
Example text
Organic compounds and elemental carbon contribute close to half of the ultrafine particle mass concentration at Pasadena, CA, in the winter months, with noticeable contributions from metal oxides and lesser amounts of sulphates and nitrates, as seen in figure 2a (Hughes et al. 1998). Samples taken at groups of air monitoring sites that are generally upwind/downwind of each other are illustrated in figure 26, c, figure 2d, e and figure 2f-h. Fullerton is a city in Orange County, CA, located ca. 0% , .
1 |0,m in diameter for California's South Coast Air Basin that surrounds Los Angeles identified primary ultrafine particle emissions equal to 13 tonnes per day, largely from motor-vehicle exhaust and from stationary-source fuel-combustion sources. The average chemical composition of the ultrafine particle emissions studied in Southern California consisted of 65% organic compounds, 7% elemental carbon, 7% sulphate, 4% trace elements, with very small quantities of sodium, chloride and nitrate. 8 \lg m~ 3 ambient ultrafine particle concentration measured in the Los 32 Ultrafine Particles in the Atmosphere Angeles area, and the chemical composition distribution in the emissions is generally similar t o measured ambient ultrafine particle concentrations once the trace metals in the emissions are converted to the mass of their common oxides.
TEMs are usually configurable as STEMs, although there is inevitably a degree of compromise with the electron optics, resulting in marginally reduced imaging and analysis capabilities. Spatial resolution in a dedicated STEM is typically better than 1 nm, and may approach ca. 3 nm in a highresolution system. Resolution is limited by spherical aberration within the microscope, although current approaches to reducing spherical aberration (Krivanek et al. 1997) will allow significantly increased spatial resolution.
Ultrafine particles in the atmosphere by L. M. Brown, Roy M. Harrison, Aubre De L. Maynard
by Mark
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