The Politics of Misinformation (Communication, Society and by Murray Edelman PDF

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Additional resources for The Politics of Misinformation (Communication, Society and Politics)

Example text

That the state has no definite form or substance and that its meaning varies for different persons and for diverse situations seems to make it all the more potent as a symbol. Anarchists are defined either as oddballs not to be taken seriously or, more often, as acute dangers to the state and its citizens. The point of such socialization is, of course, to prepare people to accept and praise conditions and actions they would otherwise regard as deplorable or unethical and to accept severe sacrifices they would otherwise reject.

Sometimes the inequalities that appear after a revolution follow a pattern different from the one that existed previously insofar as the benefits and deprivations that classes and races enjoy and suffer are concerned, Still, the differences are not always as great as the revolutionary rhetoric proclaims. After the turmoil of the French Revolution had cleared, the old aristocracy maintained or regained many of its privileges under Napoleon. Under Hitler economic power and privileges also changed relatively little.

They typically do so by keeping people poor or in constant danger of becoming poor and strongly dependent on elites for the means to survive while at the same time encouraging the perception that the large, exploited group is itself to blame lor its problems. Among the policies and practices that serve this purpose are these: Paying low real wages; maintaining high levels of 28 The Politics of Misinformation unemployment; keeping welfare payments low or inadequate for decent survival; socialization into the belief that employment, success, promotions, and the good life are possible for anyone and that failure to achieve them demonstrates personal inadequacy; keeping large proportions of the poor and minorities in prison through long sentences, definitions of crime, and judicial procedures that discriminate against these groups; permitting foremen, prison guards, and police to humiliate and physically abuse people who are subjected to their authority; and requiring long hours of hard work of those who hold (sometimes multiple) jobs.

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