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Additional info for The Experimental Determination of Solubilities

Sample text

Recent research appears to show that some pollutants, in particular ash and sulfur dioxide, cause the nucleation of smaller droplets of water in clouds. These smaller droplets are thought to reflect more sunlight from the upper surface of clouds back into space and thereby act in opposition to carbon dioxide and so reduce the warming effect. This is a negative feedback effect and, since less sunlight is observed to reach the Earth’s surface, the phenomenon is referred to as ‘global dimming’. The corollary is that the more one reduces pollution by removing particulates and sulfur dioxide, the worse the warming becomes.

Similarly, the West Antarctic ice sheet would equate to a 6 m rise in global sea level. Likewise, it should be recognized that water vapour, which is present in the atmosphere in far greater amounts than carbon dioxide, is also a potent greenhouse gas – it accounts for at least 60–70% of the natural greenhouse effect. One has only to experience the difference in temperature on a frosty, starlit night in winter from that on a cloudy, overcast night to appreciate the z It should be noted that the Gulf Stream is a limb of the global ocean circulation system, which is known by a variety of names; see Glossary of Terms.

Another exception might be in countries such as Norway or Iceland, where there is an abundance of cheap hydro or geothermal electricity, some of which could be converted to hydrogen for use in road vehicles, ships, etc. Ultimately, when fossil fuels are really scarce and expensive and when renewable energy technology has become economically competitive, it may prove practical on a much wider basis to convert renewable electricity to hydrogen fuel. But that day may yet be distant. 1 Meanwhile, it is perfectly feasible to manufacture hydrogen 6 Chapter 1 from all types of fossil fuel and this is likely to be the route forward in the medium-term to a sustainable future, always provided that technologies for carbon capture and storage become available; see Chapter 3.

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