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Additional info for Sustainable Agricultural Development: Challenges and Approaches in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries

Example text

Accordingly, the increase in the non-agricultural population in rural areas will in time prove to be a major burden on the national economy of Egypt. In other words, rural communities will become residential regions for employees rather than mainly being home to farmers and agricultural workers as it was fifty years ago. 2 people per farm. Considering the poverty threshold of US $2/capita/day determined by the World Bank, the author assessed the extent to which the annual earnings of small-scale farm households were sufficient to surpass the poverty threshold.

These studies presented the changes over discrete periods rather than on a continuous annual basis. One of the main conclusions from these studies was that land re-appropriation has two main patterns. The first is a legal appropriation of agricultural land with official approval for either public utilities and/or private enterprises. The second could be for related agricultural activities. Patterns of legal appropriation of land include the establishment of animal and poultry farms, stores for seed and fertilizer, shelters for machines and/or finally the construction of houses within the planned urban belts.

Such goals should ensure a balance with the development of livelihoods enjoyed by the individuals concerned. Livelihood should not be restricted to an indicator of sufficient income levels but should also include public health concerns and education standards. The objective of this study was therefore to diagnose the challenges facing sustainable agricultural development in Egypt. The analysis examined six dimensions: trade trends with an emphasis on agricultural trade; rural poverty indicators and causes; degradation of agricultural resources (soil and irrigation water); agricultural labor employment in relation to migration and the technological packages adopted; public health criteria; and education indicators.

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