By J J Dongarra; et al
ISBN-10: 0585461627
ISBN-13: 9780585461625
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They are real parallel machines; as of 2000, 2 of the top 100 supercomputer systems were built from commodity parts. We note that the term cluster can be applied both broadly (any system built with a significant number of commodity components) or narrowly (only commodity components and open-source software). In fact, there is no precise definition of a cluster. 2), particularly ones designed for a specific parallel computer, and special software that treats the entire system as a single machine, particularly for the system administrators.
Those interested in a more detailed discussion of these issues should consult Patterson and Hennessy [759]. , through keyboards, networks, and displays) and with permanent storage devices such as disks. The design of a computer reflects the available technology; constraints such as power consumption, physical size, cost, and maintainability; the imagination of the architect; and the software (programs) that will run on the computer (including compatibility issues). All of these have changed tremendously over the past 50 years.
Because of the small size of the high-end supercomputing market, commercial software production is difficult to sustain unless it also supports a much broader market for medium-level systems, such as symmetric (shared-memory) multiprocessors. OpenMP has succeeded because it targets that market, while HPF was focused on the high end. The most obvious victim of market pressures at the high end are tools—tuners and debuggers—that are usually left until last by the vendors and often abandoned. This has seriously impeded the widespread acceptance of scalable parallelism and has led to a number of community-based efforts to fill the gap based on open software.
Sourcebook of parallel computing by J J Dongarra; et al
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