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Sample text

He even cites a 1710 order of the central authority to exile all the unwanted nomadic tribes of West Anatolia to Cyprus-a futile effort. De Planhol, De Ia Plaine Pamphylienne, p. 117. 49 De Planhol might have insisted on constant battle because he assumed that the dense population in western Anatolia meant clashes on sharing the land; Xavier de Planhol, "Geography, politics, and nomadism in Anatolia", International Social Science Journal, 11/4 (1959) 291-310. 46 47 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS 35 nomadic life totally until the 19th century.

R-u pen be) is cited in the Ramazanogullan Trust Deed (Vakfiyye) and Land Registers (Tahrir Defterleri), Vakfiyye, Hicri 945, Vakiflar Umum Miidiirliigii, Defter No. 646; and BOA: Tapu Tahrir Defteri No. 254, dated 954/(1548) showing financial affairs of the tzmars (nev'i maliye) in c;;ukurova, namely for Yiiregir, Sam;am, Diindarlu, Bulgarlu, HacJlu, Karaisalu, Berdendi, Ayas, Kunk townships (nahiye). 26 In the 17th century, small village populations of Turcoman semi-nomads had moved to larger neighboring villagesY They had begun to choose larger villages since Byzantine times for these were on the lower banks of the Seyhan and Ceyhan rivers, around Feke, Ha-;:in, and Sis in the north, especially because markets existed there.

Again, villages carrying these names or indicating a connection to these tribes still exist today. 22 The structure of these nomadic groups was very complicated, and the units bore a variety of names: tribe (a$iret), squad (bo/iik), and community (cemaat). This may have been due to the hazardous migrations of diverse origins which eventually regrouped together thus further complicating the final ethnic picture: Turcomans, Kurds, and Arabs. Place names that survived into the 20th century are the only sources we have to figure out ethnic and tribal structure as well as the kind of occupation of the soil and sedentarization patterns.

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