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Additional resources for Racial Theories in Fascist Italy (Routledge Studies in Modern European History)

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24 As a consequence of this pattern of uneven economic development, many Italian anthropologists tended to exhibit pride in Italy’s entrance into the ranks of the European industrialized countries, while growing ever more concerned that there might be deep-rooted defects in southern society that were holding back the country as a whole. This paradox generally was explained by cyclical theories of historical development. Readers were reminded of the wonders of ancient civilization throughout Italy, including the South.

Northern Europe in de Michelis’s day may have been more “progressive” than the South, but this was not due to any inherent genetic superiority. Rather, this was a consequence of the “exhaustion” of Southern elites. ”67 We should conclude this examination of early twentieth-century thought on race in Italy with a brief review of Benito Mussolini’s writings at the time. In his early Racial identity in Italy, 1900–1915 33 years as a socialist, Mussolini was committed to understanding the world from a Marxist perspective.

By 1919, Mussolini had created a new political movement that was meant to rescue Italy from post-war chaos and despair: the Fasci di Combattimento. The fascists began as an amalgam of ex-soldiers (such as Mussolini), Futurists, Nationalists, Syndicalists, and students. Mussolini’s ideas about race were influenced by his new comrades. He agreed with the Italian Futurists, such as Tomasso Fillipo Marinetti, that the hitherto quiescent Italian race needed to be modernized and militarized. Their propaganda emphasized progress in these areas whenever possible.

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