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Example text

Thus as one surveys our rather meager and imprecise stock of knowledge of Japanese political culture in late Tokugawa times, some of the major structural elements at least begin to emerge. One is impressed first by its dualism. It was made up of two major sets of political attitudes, one held by the lower classes in general—the peasants, artisans, and to a somewhat lesser extent the merchants—the other held by the upper classes consisting largely of the samurai. The lower-class attitudes were characterized by the primacy of their familistic and community loyalties and identifications plus some internalized sense of the legitimacy—or at least of the normality and inevitability—of the government and authority of their particular fief.

It created a demonstrable and convincing need for systemwide innovation and change, injected fluidity into a hitherto long-frozen situation and, at the same time, impelled national unity in the face of the foreign threat and argued for the futility and danger of attempting to adjust their domestic problem by means of civil war. This concomitance of elements, unfortunately rare where developing polities are concerned, proved most fruitful for the Japanese. POST-RESTORATION I 868-1962 Against the background of these remarks about pre-Restoration political culture in Japan we can now turn our attention to the types and patterns of departure and developments from that base which took place in the 1868-1962 period.

Within the kashindan the number of landed and highsalaried officers was instantly reduced while the number of dependent and stipended men increased. Eventually even the remaining land allotments were fictionalized. In certain instances daimyo without territory received rice incomes from the shogun's 4 Hall, "Feudalism in J a p a n , " p p . 47-48. 31 T H E CONTINUITY OF MODERNIZATION granary. In the han, supposedly enfeoffed retainers actually received only stipends, losing all powers of interference in the affairs of the villages which once comprised their fiefs.

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