Physical chemistry: Instant Notes by Gavin Whittaker, Andy Mount, Matthew Heal PDF

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Example text

The cholosteric phase is characterized by ordered layers in which the molecules are aligned with respect to one another within each layer, but the layers are no longer ordered with respect to one another. In all these phases, the material flows like a liquid, but exhibits optical properties akin to those of a solid crystal. The typical operating range for liquid crystals is between −5°C and 70°C Below this range, the material is a true crystalline solid, and above this range, all order is lost and the material behaves as an isotropic liquid.

Fig. 1. The seven crystal systems. e. the atom or molecule) which makes up a crystalline solid may adopt any one of a large range of distinct orderly structures. It is precisely because crystalline materials are ordered infinite three-dimensional arrays that their study is possible, since the problem may be reduced to the properties of a small portion of the array. Since the crystal contains a repeated structure it is possible to locate a basic unit within the array which contains all the symmetry properties of the whole assembly.

Thermodynamics determines the potential for chemical change, not the rate of chemical change—that is the domain of chemical kinetics (see Topics F1 to F6). Furthermore, because it is such a common (and confusing) misconception that the potential for change depends upon the release of energy, it should also be noted that it is not energy, but entropy which is the final arbiter of chemical change (see Topic B5). Thermodynamics considers the relationship between the system—the reaction, process or organism under study—and the surroundings—the rest of the universe.

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