By Vladimir M. Fridkin
ISBN-10: 3642813518
ISBN-13: 9783642813511
ISBN-10: 3642813534
ISBN-13: 9783642813535
For the reason that Valasek's discovery of the ferroelectric homes of Rochelle salt approximately 60 years in the past, ferroelectricity has been considered as one of many tradi tional branches of dielectric physics. It has had very important functions in lattice dynamics, quantum electronics, and nonlinear optics. The research of electron tactics in ferroelectrics was once all started with VUL's investigations of the ferroelectric homes of barium titanate [1.1]. In trinsic and extrinsic optical absorption, band constitution, conductivity and photoconductivity, service mobility. and delivery mechanisms have been tested during this compound, and in different perovskite ferroelectric semiconductors. an enormous discovery was once that of the hugely photosensitive photoconducting ferroelectrics of style AVBVICVIII (e.g. SbSI) by means of MERZ et al. in 1962 [1.2,3]. a lot of ferroelectric semiconductors (some photosensitive, a few no longer) are actually identified, together with broad-band fabrics (e.g. lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, barium and strontium niobate, and type-A B I compounds), BI and narrow-band semiconductors (e.g. type_AIVB compounds). a chain of flawed ferroelectric semiconductors and photosensitive ferroelastics were came across, of which Sb zero I is an instance. s 7 as a result of the uncertainty in their band constitution, the trouble in deter mining the character of the degrees, the complexity of alloying, and their gen erally low mobility values, ferroelectrics are not often of curiosity considered as nonlinear semiconductors. the main fruitful process has been the research of the impression of electrons (especially nonequilibrium electrons) and electron excitations on part transitions and ferroelectric houses. a wide staff of phenomena have lately been came across and investigated.
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Additional info for Photoferroelectrics
Example text
In first-order phase transitions, the heterophase fluctuation (the nucleus of the s phase appearing in the a phase, which is at equilibrium at a given temperature) increases the free energy of the system due to the difference between the densities of the free energies of the two phases, ~, and the interphase energy. When electrons cross from the conduction band of the a phase to the heterophase fluctuation level and become localized at this level, the electron energy is reduced by the value of the activation energy of this level, u.
The Debye length is two orders of magnitude higher than the correlation length. 2] it was shown rigorously that when 2K « 2D, the correlation energy can be neglected as compared with the screening energy, which, in turn, makes it possible to neglect the correlation energy in the expression for the free energy. Naturally, at high concentrations, when 2D < 2K' this approximation is unsuitable. The condition 2D < 2K' however, corresponds to the limiting carrier concentration compatible with the existence of ferroelectricity, because then the Debye screening length is comparable with the length of the unit cell.
Formation of excited associates was discovered in a number of other investigations as well. 24] observed for the first time the effect of increase in the melting temperature of the anthracene photoisomer under the effect of electron excitations. They suggested that the appearance of excitations and the formation of excited associates increases the energy of the crystal lattice and, hence, the melting temperature of the crystals. 24], the shift in the melting point of anthracene and its derivatives depends on the intensity of the "intrinsic" illumination and may be as large as tens of degrees.
Photoferroelectrics by Vladimir M. Fridkin
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