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Sample text

Let us now attempt to analyse it a bit in order to find out what components make up this complex situation. We shall apply the phenomenological method described in our last discussion since, for this object, there is no other. First, we ascertain that our sentence 'you should not kill your mother and so on' seems to all of us to be given. It is there, in our minds, something completely independent of us. existing in itself, just like an object in the world, only perhaps more solid than the simple things.

Both involve great difficulties, and to decide for one or the other is certainly no easy task. I should like to point out to those who believe that idealism is simply nonsense that they haven't understood it at all. It would be nonsense to deny reality and the truth, but the idealists by no means do that. Most contemporary philosophers, however, are not idealists. Their decision against this conception of the truth and of knowledge in general usually occurs while reflecting on the question of what human knowledge really is.

If the sceptic says that one can know nothing then one can ask him how he can make such an assertion. Is the truth of his proposition certain? If so, then there is something certain and something knowable. Therefore, the proposition that there is nothing knowable is false. And if something is knowable then it must be, exist in some way. One tells of a Greek sceptic named Krates who realized this and therefore said nothing, instead merely moved his finger. But Aristotle, that master of European thought, remarked that he wouldn't even have any right to do that, for the movement of the finger is meant to express an opinion, and the sceptic may not have opinions.

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