By John Garcia, J. Christopher Clarke, Walter G. Hankins (auth.), Dr. P. P. G. Bateson, Dr. Peter H. Klopfer (eds.)
ISBN-10: 1461575699
ISBN-13: 9781461575696
ISBN-10: 1461575710
ISBN-13: 9781461575719
In the early days of ethology, many of the significant advancements have been within the realm of rules and within the framework during which animal habit was once studied. a lot of the proof was once anecdotal, a lot of the considering intuitive. because the topic constructed, theories needed to be validated, language needed to turn into extra public than it have been, and quantitative descriptions needed to substitute the initial qualitative bills. that's the manner a technological know-how develops; tough headed research follows soft-headed synthesis. There are limits, even though, to the usefulness of this pattern. The requirement to be quantitative can suggest that simple measures are selected on the cost of representing the complexly patterned nature of a phenomenon. All too simply the method of information collec tion turns into a trivial workout in describing the most obvious or the inappropriate. Editors and their referees require authors to take care of excessive criteria of facts and steer clear of undue speculation-in brief, to keep up expert respectability. more often than not, this procedure is admirable and important, yet someplace alongside the road viewpoint is misplaced and a physique of information, with the entire preconceptions and highbrow luggage that incorporates it, turns into officially verified. New principles are handled as if they have been subversive agents-as certainly they generally are.
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Extra resources for Perspectives in Ethology
Sample text
In the appetitive phase, the animal is searching, guided by sign stimuli received via his telereceptors. Sign stimuli so perceived are neither attractive nor aversive, nor do they usually acquire such properties; they are merely informative, possessing some probabilistic relation to consummation. Sign stimuli are perceived in a context, for a sudden silence is as informative as a sudden noise. During the appetitive phase, Tolman's (1949) description is most apt. The animal's behavior seems purposeful and insightful as he learns meansends relationships.
The test peck should be topographically similar for either food or water, but as the reward draws near in time the form of "test peck" should change into either a "grain peck" or a "water pump," depending on the nature of the reward. If we must organize our conception of behavior around a unitary theme, let it be information, not reinforcement. The organism can be viewed as an information-seeking entity operating in a complex environmental field. When its homeostatic processes are at equilibrium, when it is not in need, the organism is not necessarily quiescent.
3. The pigeon, when rewarded with food, demonstrates a precise (grain peck) consummatory response to the disc but avoids the star, although any peck delivered within the large circle has the same outcome. When water is presented, another (water pump) response is manifested. The reward need not be contingent on the peck for the pecking to precede its delivery. ] neck-stretching act with food, Breland surmised that the bird was trying to flyaway but the ceiling of the Skinner box restricted its flight pattern.
Perspectives in Ethology by John Garcia, J. Christopher Clarke, Walter G. Hankins (auth.), Dr. P. P. G. Bateson, Dr. Peter H. Klopfer (eds.)
by Joseph
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