Nico M. van Os's Nonionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry (Surfactant Science) PDF

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Extra info for Nonionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry (Surfactant Science)

Example text

N. Stein 59. Amphoteric Surfactants: Second Edition, edited by Eric G. Lomax 60. Nonionic Surfactants: Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymers, edited by Vaughn M. Nace 61. Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, edited by Johan Sjöblom 62. Vesicles, edited by Morton Rosoff 63. Applied Surface Thermodynamics, edited by A. W. Neumann and Jan K. Spelt 64. Surfactants in Solution, edited by Arun K. Chattopadhyay and K. L. Mittal 65. Detergents in the Environment, edited by Milan Johann Schwuger 66. Industrial Applications of Microemulsions, edited by Conxita Solans and Hironobu Kunieda 67.

Chain Propagation The propagation of the polyoxyethylene chain under basic conditions proceeds by kinetically nearly identical steps, since the structure of the propagating polyoxyethylene anions are essentially the same. The acidities of the polyoxyethylene alcohols, RX(CH2CH2O)xH, are nearly identical when x > 3 [36,40,52] and therefore independent of chain length. Consequently, proton exchange between species should not only be fast but should Page 13 also occur statistically with no species being favored over another.

A study has shown that reaction parameters such as temperature, ethylene oxide pressure, and catalyst concentration (at relatively low catalyst concentrations) do not affect the polyoxyethylene chain length distribution over a 15-fold change in absolute polyoxyethylation rates [42]. However, as will be discussed later in the section on distributions obtained Page 14 using basic catalyst, use of extremely large catalyst concentrations (resulting in high concentrations of RX-K+ relative to RXH) dramatically affects product distributions.

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