By J.E. Luebering; Educational Britannica Educational
ISBN-10: 1615302654
ISBN-13: 9781615302659
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Sample text
Gwich’in The Gwich’in, a group of Athabaskanspeaking tribes, inhabited the basins of the Yukon and Peel rivers in eastern Alaska and Yukon—a land of coniferous forests interspersed with open, barren ground. The name Gwich’in, meaning “people,” is given collectively to an indefinite number of distinct American subarctic peoples, there being no precise agreement among authorities on whom to include under this cover name, which is as much linguistic as cultural. In traditional Gwich’in social organization, men became chiefs by demonstrating leadership or prowess in hunting or war.
Periods of cultural rupture or coalescence have also spurred the creation of multiple names. For example, three of the village-dwelling nations of the Plains—the Mandan, the Hidatsa, and the Arikara—were struck by recurring waves of smallpox, whooping cough, and other illnesses from 1780 to 1840. The Mandan suffered horrendously; according to reliable eyewitness accounts, their population plummeted from approximately 10,000–15,000 in the 1730s to perhaps 150 in 1837, a crushing loss. To maintain their viability as a people, Mandan survivors merged with the Hidatsa, their close neighbours and allies; these two tribes were later joined by the Arikara, who had once been their economic and military rivals.
All northeastern peoples took animals including deer, elk, moose, waterfowl, turkeys, and fish. Houses were wickiups (wigwams) or longhouses. Both house types were constructed of a sapling framework that was covered with rush matting or sheets of bark. Other common aspects of culture included dugouts made of the trunks of whole trees, birchbark canoes, clothing made of pelts and deerskins, and a variety of medicine societies. ALGONQuIN The Algonquin, a tribe of closely related Algonquian-speaking bands, originally lived in the dense forest regions of the valley of the Ottawa River and its tributaries in present-day Quebec and Ontario, Can.
Native American History by J.E. Luebering; Educational Britannica Educational
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