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Extra resources for Multi-Voltage CMOS Circuit Design

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4, respectively. 1 DYNAMIC SWITCHING POWER The dominant component of power consumption in a typical CMOS circuit is the dynamic switching power [4], [9], [12], [21], [23], [27]–[29], [36]. The dynamic switching power is dissipated while charging or discharging the parasitic capacitances during the voltage transitions of the nodes within a CMOS circuit. The dynamic switching power is independent of the type of switching gate and the shape of the input waveform (input rise and fall times). The dynamic switching power is dependent only on the supply voltage, the switching frequency, the initial and final voltages, and the equivalent capacitance of a switching node Multi-Voltage CMOS Circuit Design V.

In CMOS circuits, the node voltages are typically full swing between ground and VDD. 2 LEAKAGE POWER A transistor switch is essentially a resistive–capacitive network between the power supply and ground. Due to the non-ideal off-state characteristics (a finite resistance) of a transistor, current is drawn from a power supply even when a transistor operates in the cut-off region. The leakage currents are dominated by weak inversion and reverse biased p–n junction diode currents in long channel devices [4], [9], [36], [37], [48].

2. 1 Subthreshold Leakage Current A MOSFET operates in the weak inversion (subthreshold) region when the magnitude of the gate-to-source voltage is less than the magnitude of the threshold voltage [44]. In the weak inversion mode, current conduction between the source and drain (the subthreshold leakage current) is primarily due to diffusion of the carriers [4], [9], [23], [44], [48]. The transistor offstate current (IOFF) is the drain current when the gate-to-source voltage is zero [4], [37]. IOFF is affected by the threshold voltage, channel length, channel width, depletion width beneath the channel area, channel/surface doping profiles, drain/source junction depths, gate oxide thickness, supply voltage, and the junction temperature [37].

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