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Extra info for Measurement and Control Basics, Fifth Edition

Example text

The PID controller is used on processes that respond slowly and have long periods. Temperature control is a common example of PID control because the heat rate may have to change rapidly when the temperature measurement begins to change. The derivative action shortens the response of the slow process to an upset. In the next chapter we discuss such important characteristics of processes as time constants and dead time. By understanding these concepts you will be better able to select the proper control action type for effective control.

If a control loop is using PI control, the possibility exists with the integral (reset) mode that the controller will continue to integrate and change the output even outside the operating range of the controller. ” For example, the heat exchanger shown in Figure 1-17 can be designed and built to heat 50 gal/min of process fluid from 70°F to 140°F. If the process flow should suddenly increase to 100 gal/min, it may be impossible to supply sufficient steam to maintain the process fluid temperature at140°F even when the control valve is wide open (100%), as shown in Figure 1-18.

Sensor output changes smoothly from the moment a change in measurement value occurs, even if the disturbance is sudden and discontinuous. It is interesting to note that the nature of the sensor time-response curve is the same for virtually all sensors, even though the sensors measure different physical variables. A typical response curve for a process sensor is shown in Figure 2-4, where the input has been changed suddenly at time equal to zero. Sensor Output (m) mf mi Time (t) t=0 Change Figure 2-4.

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