By Hoff V.
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RSC Advances, 2, 1897–1904. 24. , Tryk, D. , Inoue, H. (2012). How is the water molecule activated on metalloporphyrins? Oxygenation of substrates induced through one-photon/two-electron conversion in artificial photosynthesis by visible light. Faraday Discussions, 155, 145–163. 25. Scaiano, J. , Johnston, L. , McGimpsey, W. , Weir, D. (1988). Photochemistry of organic reaction intermediates: Novel reaction paths induced by two-photon laser excitation. Accounts of Chemical Research, 21, 22–29. 26.
Accordingly, alkyl (or aryl) bromides and iodides are the elective substrates for radical generation, and to some extent further groups such as SePh, SPh, and others. The key feature of these reactions and the one that has made this chemistry popular is that these are chain processes. Thus, the applied protocol requires an initiation step in which the thermal fragmentation of an initiator occurs. Peroxides, an azo compound such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or its derivatives, and a few other molecules are used.
This choice is certainly advisable for mechanistic investigations (and, at any rate, dilution simplifies the mechanism), but obviously not for preparative purposes. The general answer to this problem is shortening the optical path. This can be done on a large volume by circulating the solution stored in a reservoir by means of a peristaltic pump, in such a way that a thin layer is exposed to the lamp at any time, rather than irradiating and stirring the whole batch. 19). A simple way is coiling a plastic tubing (transparent to the light used and preferably made of fluorinated polyolefins for increased chemical resistance) around the cooling well of a medium-pressure lamp and circulating the solution in it.
Lectures on theoretical and physical chemistry. Chemical dynamics by Hoff V.
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