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Additional info for Intel Xeon Phi Processor High Performance Programming. Knights Landing Edition

Sample text

Any performance advantage from faster execution on the card is limited by such transfer overhead for any PCIe compute device. To eliminate transfer overhead, we decided to make Knights Landing a standalone processor that can boot offthe-shelf operating systems thereby connecting to the network directly instead of having additional data hops across the PCIe bus. This way, data is not transferred anywhere else for computation; data can stay in main memory while being operated on by the Knights Landing cores.

Knight Landing can dedicate 100%, 50% or 25% of the MCDRAM as a memory-side cache. Remaining options are only useful flat and hybrid memory modes to access the MCDRAM as memory. numactl (NUMA Control utility) No code changes: use numactl to have all data allocations (including the data segments and stack) come from MCDRAM. This works regardless of programming language. autohbw (comes with memkind package) No code changes: use the autohbw library (part of the memkind project) to have allocations, of a certain size range, come from MCDRAM.

The usage models available are dependent upon which memory and cluster modes were set at boot time. While there is nothing an application can do directly to control which memory mode or which cluster mode is selected (aside from changing a BIOS setting and rebooting the system), there are numerous usage choices remaining to discuss. , MPI + OpenMP) applications may run faster with cluster mode ¼ SNC-4 instead of the default cluster mode ¼ quadrant. Cache friendly applications will benefit from the default of memory mode ¼ cache.

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