By Prof. Dr. Holger Preuschoft, Dr. David J. Chivers (auth.), Prof. Dr. Holger Preuschoft, Dr. David J. Chivers (eds.)
ISBN-10: 3709169143
ISBN-13: 9783709169148
ISBN-10: 3709174341
ISBN-13: 9783709174340
The hand often is taken into account to have exerted nice effect at the evolution of normally human features, like upright posture, stereoscopic imaginative and prescient, «manipulative» dealing with of components of our surroundings. The German time period «Begreifen», that is favourite for the knowledge of advanced relationships in a generalised, summary experience, regularly implies the unique that means of seizing items by means of the fingers. The arms also are of maximum significance for the survival of the opposite, non-human primates. palms are completely crucial for locomotion in an arboreal habitat, and the consumption of foodstuff is dependant at the use of the palms to boot: primates very hardly ever soak up nutrients at once with their mouths, within the wast majority of situations they grab nutrition goods with their arms. Even consuming is usually played through dipping the hand into the water and licking the drops from hand and forearm. An organ of such value will very most likely be «adapted» to its «function». This assertion is made so frequently, that from now on concerns appear superfluous. no one doubts, that the palms of primates are hugely adaptive organs, the overall shape and inner constitution of that are heavily concerning the prerequisites of existence. in spite of the fact that, if one attempts to head past this basic assertion, he reveals himself confront ed with numerous difficulties: firstly, some degree which W. GUTMANN has emphasised time and again: in keeping with the implications bought through genetics, the very first thing to seem is the mutated character.
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The hand ordinarily is taken into account to have exerted nice impact at the evolution of in most cases human features, like upright posture, stereoscopic imaginative and prescient, «manipulative» dealing with of elements of our surroundings. The German time period «Begreifen», that's standard for the knowledge of complicated relationships in a generalised, summary experience, constantly implies the unique which means of seizing gadgets due to the arms.
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Extra resources for Hands of Primates
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But we could observe it perfectly with our binoculars and we had drawings made of these grips in order to describe them. They present many variations in the respective position of each finger according to the morphology of the hammer; the drawings represent the most often observed variation for each grip. - Grip 1 (Figure 5a): This is a typical power grip with the thumb opposed to the other fingers when using a small club or a stone of about 500g (77% of 144 observations). If the size of the stone is smaller in such a power grip, the fingers may be exposed to the hits against the anvil and the nut.
H. Kummer and Prof. H. Preuschoft for their kind help in having the drawings made; and last but not least Helga Schulze for drawing the hands in different postures. Finally, we wish to express particular thanks to Prof. H. Kummer for his valuable guidance, critical discussion and constant encouragement throughout the study. References BOESCH C. , 1981. Sex differences in the use of natural hammers by wild chimpanzees: a preliminary report. Journal of Human Evolution, 10: 583-593. BOESCH C. , 1983.
In posture 5, we saw that some body weight can be also supported. It may even be more complicated: Figures 8 and 9 illustrate a situation in which a chimpanzee cracks nuts by using grip 4 for the hammer and hand posture 4 for the nuts. With these hand postures, right at the moment of hitting the nut, the palm of both hands form a bowl-like shape around the pounded nut HAND POSTURES _FOR POUNDING NUTS 41 Figure 9 - An adult female with a newborn infant clinging on her belly is cracking Coula nuts directly in the tree with a small stone hammer of about 300 g.
Hands of Primates by Prof. Dr. Holger Preuschoft, Dr. David J. Chivers (auth.), Prof. Dr. Holger Preuschoft, Dr. David J. Chivers (eds.)
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