By Lawrie Lloyd
ISBN-10: 0387246827
ISBN-13: 9780387246826
Much has been written approximately basic facets of catalysis, but regardless of their common functions information relating advertisement catalysts and data approximately genuine working stipulations aren't available. This booklet offers up to date reports and references to lead these engaged on commercial catalysts. it is going to be a useful consultant for catalysis researchers in and academia, and for students.
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Extra info for Handbook of Industrial Catalysts
Example text
Catalyst also used for a range of other reactions. 1852: Wohler and Mahla Found that chromium and copper oxides oxidized sulfur dioxide. Copper metal inactive—the first comment on oxidation with oxide catalysts. Showed iron and copper were reduced and oxidized during reaction. Findings later applied to Mannheim process [Ann. Chim. Pharm. 81, 255 (1852)]. 1850s: Deacon Patented use of copper sulfate in process and first to observe that reaction rate faster with an excess of oxygen. 1853: Robb British patent 731788 (1853) protected the use of pyrites cinders as catalyst.
Cooled burner gas then passed through the reaction vessels to continue the cycle. 15 tons of nitric acid per ton of sulfuric acid produced, which was lower than in the conventional, less sophisticated lead chamber process plants. Sulfuric acid could be obtained as either 77–82% or 60–80% solutions. An advantage of the more modern process was that the low-temperature operation allowed the use of PVC as piping, tower cladding, and storage tank linings. 3. Raw Material for Sulfuric Acid Production During the nineteenth century, the main source of sulfuric acid was Sicilian sulfur and most US plants continued to import sulfur from Sicily until the 1890s.
However, certain aspects of maloperation can cause premature damage to a catalyst, leading to premature replacement. This is possible when: • • • • The catalyst is overheated and surface area decreases. A volatile component is lost at high operating temperature. Poisons in the feed deactivate the catalyst. The catalyst is overheated and active sites coalesce. Catalysts often have short lives for any of these reasons and efforts must be made to obtain a more stable alternative or to prevent deactivation by modifying operation.
Handbook of Industrial Catalysts by Lawrie Lloyd
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