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Additional resources for Growth of the International Economy 1820-2000: An Introductory Text

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During this period of greatly accelerating foreign investment, South America and Asia became important recipients of United States direct investment. Manufacturing, the mining of industrial metals, and agricultural enterprises consumed the bulk of the capital outflow. DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL OUTFLOW Before a country could undertake a massive foreign investment programme a number of conditions had to be fulfilled. First, a considerable degree of economic growth had to be achieved in the country to ensure that domestic savings were accumulated fast enough to provide the surplus of funds.

Finally, political factors influenced foreign investment in a number of ways. Before 1850, British loans to Greece, Belgium and several Latin American republics were made partly because of the sympathy existing in Britain for the rebel states. However, this attitude did not prevent the British investor from advancing loans to other European governments for counter-revolutionary purposes or for other uses aimed at preserving the status quo in European politics. The pattern of French investment before 1850 was also largely determined by political considerations, as well as geographical proximity and cultural and religious affinities to the borrowing countries.

THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITAL The importance of capital accumulation for increasing production has long been recognized by economists. Capital accumulation facilitates the introduction of new techniques and provides tools and equipment for a growing population. It also brings about, through increases in the supply of tools and machinery per worker, the use of more efficient ‘roundabout’ methods of production. In particular, the process of industrialization, with its emphasis on more mechanized methods of production, a rapidly growing consumption of raw materials, and the need to supply wider markets, results in substantial additions being made to a country’s stock of capital equipment.

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