By Johan Sjoblom
ISBN-10: 0824704541
ISBN-13: 9780824704544
A dialogue of primary features, theories and functions for liquid-liquid colloidal dispersions. It profiles experimental and standard size strategies in numerous emulsified structures, together with rheology, nuclear magnetic resonance, dielectric spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, video greater microscopy, and conductivity.
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Example text
B. Experimental Possibilities Equation (78) can be written in the differential form of a property relation as where the terms TdSA, γdA, and µAdNA correspond respectively to the heat transfer, mechanical work, and chemical work in the system. Here, we look at the mechanical work done (dWA) due to interfacial tension: Obviously lowering the value of γ can decrease significantly the mechanical work required for a given dA. It would be of interest to reduce γ as much as possible if the aim is to minimize the surface work.
Ultralow interfacial tension measurements by ADSA were by means of an inverted sessile-drop set-up of Aerosol OT (AOT) in NaCl/water solution in an n-heptane matrix solution. 1. 0513 M NaCl/water and n-heptane. 01 mJ/m2 in 12 min. A different result is given in Fig. 420 mM AOT. 006 mJ/m2 in 2 min. Increasing the AOT concentration decreases both the interfacial tension value and the time required to reach equilibrium. The results given in Figs 11 and 12 agree well with those published by Aveyard et al.
The theory of pulsating bubbles in surfactant solutions has been further developed (188, 189). Another group of measurements suitable for studying the dilational rheology of interfacial layers are stress-relaxation experiments performed by Joos and cowor-kers (190—192). All these methods are applicable for studies at liquid/gas interfaces but less suitable for liquid/liquid interfaces. For example, the capillary wave technique can be in principle applied to a water/oil interface; however, the experiment is connected with a number of problems, mainly the huge demand in highly purified oil (193, 194).
Encyclopedic Handbook of Emulsion Technology by Johan Sjoblom
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