By Akira Tonomura
ISBN-10: 3662139138
ISBN-13: 9783662139134
ISBN-10: 3662139154
ISBN-13: 9783662139158
This is an creation to electron holography, a newly constructed method for gazing and measuring microscopic constructions of subject and fields utilizing the wave nature of electrons. It describes rules, experimental info, and remark examples for vortices in superconductors, the magnetic area constitution in ferromagnets, and for primary phenomena of quantum mechanics.
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Example text
In quantum mechanics, however, this is not the case. 3. Double-slit experiments with electrons. Interference patterns are determined by magnetic flux enclosed by two-electron beams passing through slits irrespective of whether electrons are def1ected by a magnetic field. Cases (a) and (b) are therefore equivalent, as are (c) and (d). According to classical electrodynamics, cases (a) and (c) are equivalent, as are (b) and (d) (b) (c) 1~1s r F Bohm thought that this effect could not be interpreted merely as a result of the local interaction of an electron with the electromagnetic fields.
An image can be reconstructed numerically from a hologram by carrying out a Fourier transformation twice. The phase and amplitude of the image are independently obtained, and the phase distribution can consequently be displayed as an interference micrograph. An n-times phaseamplified interference micrograph can be obtained simply by displaying the phase distribution in 21l/n units as a contour map. 11, 12]. These two methods can be used effectively for specific purposes: the Fourier-transform method is more appropriate for real-time observation because an image can be reconstructed from one hologram.
The phase and amplitude of the image are independently obtained, and the phase distribution can consequently be displayed as an interference micrograph. An n-times phaseamplified interference micrograph can be obtained simply by displaying the phase distribution in 21l/n units as a contour map. 11, 12]. These two methods can be used effectively for specific purposes: the Fourier-transform method is more appropriate for real-time observation because an image can be reconstructed from one hologram.
Electron Holography by Akira Tonomura
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