Gianni Vaggi's A concise history of economic thought PDF

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Both John Locke and Dudley North, amongst 23 24 Seventeenth-century Pioneers others, participated in this debate. It is worth remembering that in England the maximum value of the legally permitted interest rates had been decreasing for over a century. From a 10 per cent rate in 1550, the legal rate fell to 8 per cent in 1600 and to 6 per cent in 1654. At the end of the century, a further compulsory reduction to 4 per cent was ardently debated. Dudley North: markets Sir Dudley North was born at Westminster in 1641, the third of five sons of the fourth Baron of Guilford.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century this alliance culminated in the formation of the first big merchant and trading companies of the modern world: the East India Companies of Holland and England. Colonial trade and merchant companies increasingly became part of an endless story of wars between the nation states of Europe. England ultimately emerged as the victorious, imperialist country, after the defeats of 15 16 Seventeenth-century Pioneers Spain and Portugal in the sixteenth century, of Holland in the late seventeenth and of France in the eighteenth century.

A change take place in the definition of wealth; money is always the ideal measure of wealth, but in Mun’s work, wealth is also considered to consist of produced commodities. Money commands the exchange value and it is the obvious means for employing workers, but no longer is it the only and main form of wealth. In his dispute with Malynes about the effects of a devaluation, Mun distinguished two types of wealth: natural wealth consists of primary, mainly subsistence, goods; artificial wealth ‘consists in our manufactures and industrious trading with forraign commodities’ (Mun, 1623, p.

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